Fungal And Bacterial Sinusitis In Covid-19 Era, A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Generally, infection with respiratory tract viruses leads to secondary infections in which bacteria and fungi play an important role. One of the important secondary infections related to Covid-19 is sinusitis. Due to the complications of fungal and bacterial sinusitis, it is important to know the most substantive factors that predispose people to these diseases. Covid-19 treatment solutions and excessive use of steroids and immune system of infected people are effective in causing invasive fungal sinusitis related to COVID-19. Findings show that uncontrolled blood sugar levels are also effective in sinusitis. Corona virus affects immune system. The severe inflammatory response causes an increase in cytokines and a decrease in specific immune system function in these patients and causes a prolongation of disease period and sinus tissue inflammation. Clinically, fungal and bacterial sinusitis are very similar. In this article, the aspects of corona disease and subsequent bacterial and fungal sinusitis were discussed. According to available data, a high percentage of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have fungal sinusitis after disease. Bacterial sinusitis is generally not as common as acute viral rhinosinusitis and affects more women than men. By attacking and causing tissue inflammation and then using corticosteroids to reduce immune response, Covid-19 provides conditions for opportunistic fungi. Often items like allergies or an acute illness like covid-19 can affect immune system. Oral corticosteroids can cause serious side effects if used long-term, so their use is recommended only when necessary and to treat severe symptoms. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results is the property of ResearchTrentz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

A prospective study of acute sinusitis, clinical features and modalities of management in adults, Sudan

Background: Acute sinusitis is not an uncommon disease that manifests with inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses. It has varied etiologies including viral, bacterial, fungal, and allergic. Anatomical variations, trauma, auto-immunity, diabetes mellitus, and dental procedures are predisposing factors. With the wide variation in the etiological factors, the management could be tricky. This study is quite relevant with the advent of the relentlessly persisting COVID-19 pandemic which affects the upper respiratory tract as well. Method(s): This is a descriptive hospital-based prospective study conducted at the Khartoum ENT Teaching Hospital, Ibnsina Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, and Omdurman Teaching Hospital in Khartoum State in the period from March 2020 to February 2021. The study included all patients 18 years and older diagnosed with acute sinusitis. The data was collected by a well-structured questionnaire designed to meet the objectives of the study and analyzed using SPSS 20. Any COVID-19 suspect is excluded from the study. Result(s): The total number of patients was 109;of them, 59 (54.1%) were females and 50 (45.9%) were males, and the female to male ratio was 1.18:1. One hundred seven (98.2%) patients received medical treatment and two patients (1.8%) did take the medications. Eighty-one patients (74.3%) were cured with medical treatment and only 28 patients (25.7%) needed surgical intervention. The age group from 25 to 40 years old was the most affected, accounting for 68 patients (62.4%), and the above 60 years old (3.7%) was the least affected group. Conclusion(s): Acute sinusitis is not an uncommon disease, if addressed properly and timely is medically treatable in most cases apart from complicated cases. This study shows that the active working ages (25-40) were the most affected. Few patients needed surgery (FESS). Negligence could result in complications. Diseases like COVID-19 affect the upper respiratory tract, and there is a similarity in symptoms, and in the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic nowadays, differentiation is of paramount importance.Copyright © 2022, The Author(s).

Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in a patient with acute sinusitis and COVID-19 in Colombia.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, cases of acute sinusitis due to COVID-19 and even co-infections have been reported [1]. We want to discuss a case in Colombia where a patient with detected type 2 diabetes presented sinusitis and COVID-19. A 51-year-old man from Sincelejo, Sucre, consulted on May 23, 2020, with one day presenting general malaise and fever (38 °C), lumbar pain, frequent urination, polydipsia and hyperglycemia (366 mg/dl). He denied cough, travel during the last two weeksan Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 170/110 mmHg, heart rate of 115 beats/minute, respiratory rate of 16 breaths/minute, and temperature of 36.6 °C. Neither lymphadenopathies nor cardiopulmonary disturbances were noted. A working diagnosis of febrile syndrome, ketoacidosis, and recent-onset type 2 diabetes, with uncontrolled hypertension, was contemplated at admission RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was positive. A head CT Scan revealed left maxillary sinusitis with mucosal thickening of the maxillary Despite the sizeable SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the number of reports of sinusitis in association with COVID-19 has been limited [2,3]. Sinusitis is more often diagnosed among immunocompromised patients, including diabetes of our patient. COVID-19, as a multisystemic condition. It may affect different anatomical areas, including the paranasal sinuses and the upper and lower respiratory mucosa. Although it is uncertain whether SARS-CoV-2 was the sole cause of the sinusitis in our patient or just a contributing factor, other reports suggest a significant involvement of the virus in the development of this condition, in addition to its role in worsening the clinical course of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Curvularia Sinusitis in Leukemic Patients Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Curvularia species are dematiaceous filamentous fungi that can cause a variety of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. We present 2 cases of severely immunosuppressed patients with acute invasive fungal sinusitis due to Curvularia species. Both patients had a history of hematologic malignancy with refractory disease and prolonged neutropenia. They presented with facial and sinus pain, which prompted maxillofacial computed tomography that showed acute sinusitis. Subsequently, they underwent nasal endoscopy with a biopsy that revealed a definitive diagnosis of invasive fungal sinusitis. Dematiaceous fungi are responsible for most fungal sinusitis cases, with Curvularia being one of the most common species isolated. Generally, invasive fungal rhinosinusitis may follow a relatively innocuous and nonspecific course. In addition, fungal infections may complicate chronic allergic sinusitis. Computed tomography scan is the first imaging modality of choice, and magnetic resonance imaging has a role in prognostication in acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Endoscopic sinus surgery with biopsy yields a definitive diagnosis and is therapeutic. Management typically includes a combination of surgery and antifungal agents. Severe neutropenia is a significant risk factor for infection and is associated with poor outcomes. Aggressive surgical debridement, combined with antifungal therapy, should be emphasized in leukemic patients despite their prolonged neutropenia and bleeding tendency.

Rapidly Progressive Complicated Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in the Setting of Severe Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

OBJECTIVE: This case report presents a case of a rapidly progressive complicated sinus infection in a child with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. METHODS: Case report with literature review. RESULTS/CASE REPORT: We present a novel case of severe rapidly progressive complicated sinusitis in a 14-year-old African American male diagnosed with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Infection was caused by an aggressive pathogen, Streptococcus intermedius (anginosus), and within 48 hours progressed to orbital, subgaleal, and intracranial abscess, requiring multidisciplinary intervention by ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology. Following surgical intervention and a 4-week course of intravenous antibiotic therapy, the patient had resolution of the infection with no neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSION: Despite the low incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, physicians should be aware that immunologic changes and the cytokine storm induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can potentially predispose patients to severe bacterial or opportunistic infections. As more cases of MIS-C develop, associated complications can become evident. Similar cases of SARS-CoV-2 and severe bacterial sinusitis have been published in the literature, but it remains unclear if there is an association between SARS-CoV-2 disease and an increased risk of complicated sinusitis in children.

The Impact of the Pandemic on Otolaryngology Patients With Negative COVID-19 Status: Commentary and Insights From Orbital Emergencies.

Efforts aimed at minimizing the spread of COVID-19 and "flattening the curve" may be affecting clinical care delivery for non-COVID-19 cases that include otolaryngologic and orbital conditions. We are witnessing changes in the manner that patients present, as well as modifications in clinical management strategies. An improved understanding of these phenomena and the contributing factors is essential for otolaryngologists to provide sound clinical care during this unprecedented pandemic.